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Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have demonstrated remarkable efficacy during the COVID-19 pandemic, largely owing to advances in lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery systems. This review explores the recent innovations in LNP formulation, including novel lipid components, ionizable lipid structures, and stability enhancement strategies, aimed at improving mRNA delivery efficiency, tissue targeting, and immune response modulation. We also discuss the challenges of scale-up manufacturing, storage stability, and regulatory pathways for LNP-mRNA vaccines addressing infectious diseases beyond COVID-19, such as influenza, Zika, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
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Copyright (c) 2026 Sadiq AL-Mansury, Nibras A. AL-Mansouri, Zahraa Yahya, Worood Al-Jobouri, Samar Al-Saidi, Mohammad H. Hamzeh, Qusay A. Hasan, Nada Khazal K. Hindi (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.