Genomic Landscape, Biomarkers, and Precision Therapeutic Advances in Urinary Tract Cancers
Urinary tract malignancies are a heterogeneous group of tumors arising from the kidney, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and urethra. Urothelial (transitional-cell) carcinoma is the most common histological subtype and accounts for the majority of malignancies of the bladder and upper urinary tract. Despite advances in detection and therapy, advanced disease carries substantial risk of recurrence, progression, and death. Molecular profiling over the past decade has identified recurrent genomic alterations that shape tumor behavior, prognosis, and treatment response, including changes in TP53, the TERT promoter, FGFR3, KDM6A, PIK3CA, ERBB2, RB1, STAG2, ARID1A, and DNA-repair genes. These alterations increasingly inform precision-medicine strategies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, FGFR-targeted agents, antibody–drug conjugates, and biomarker-guided treatment selection are reshaping management alongside conventional surgery and chemotherapy. This narrative review summarizes the molecular etiology, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic advances in urinary tract cancers, with an emphasis on urothelial and bladder carcinoma — the subtype for which molecular and clinical evidence is most mature — while also addressing renal cell carcinoma and upper-tract urothelial carcinoma where relevant. The review highlights the growing role of genomic characterization in individualizing patient care and distinguishes findings that are well established from those that remain investigational.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samer Lateef Salih , Thaer Saleh Sabor Al-Omary, Husam Al-hraishawi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Low-Dose Versus Standard Dexamethasone in Elective Craniotomy for Brain Tumour: Complications and Length of Stay
Background: Perioperative dexamethasone is administered to most patients undergoing elective craniotomy for brain tumour to reduce peritumoural oedema and postoperative neurological deterioration. Optimal dose and taper duration remain unsettled. A 2024 randomized feasibility study suggested low-dose dexamethasone is safe and tolerable in selected patients, and a reduced-exogenous-steroid-taper case-control study found significantly less new-onset hypertension with a lower cumulative dose. Locally calibrated single-centre comparative data are needed to inform pharmacy and neurosurgical pathways. Objective: To compare postoperative complication rates, length of stay (LOS), and 30-day readmission between adults receiving low-dose versus standard/high-dose perioperative dexamethasone for elective craniotomy for brain tumour, using operative-archive findings as the reference, and to identify the dosing strategy's independent associations after multivariable adjustment. Patients and Methods: A retrospective single-centre observational cohort study was conducted at Nasiriayh teaching hospital from January 2024 through December 2025 and reported in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement. Adults aged 18 years or older undergoing elective craniotomy for primary or metastatic brain tumour with a documented perioperative dexamethasone regimen were included. Patients were classified as receiving low-dose (4–16 mg/day, taper ≤ 7 days) or standard/high-dose (≥ 16 mg/day or taper > 7 days) per institutional pharmacy records. Multivariable logistic regression identified independent associations of dosing strategy with each outcome, adjusting for age, sex, World Health Organization (WHO) tumour grade, tumour location, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status class, and preoperative neurological deficit. Results: Of 384 craniotomies screened, 292 formed the analytic cohort: 132 low-dose (45.2%) and 160 standard/high-dose (54.8%). Standard/high-dose dexamethasone was independently associated with hyperglycaemia requiring insulin (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.42–3.84), new-onset hypertension (aOR 3.18, 95% CI 1.61–6.27), insomnia or mood disturbance (aOR 2.16, 95% CI 1.25–3.74), and LOS exceeding 7 days (aOR 1.74, 95% CI 1.03–2.94). No significant differences were found for postoperative seizure or worsening neurological deficit. Conclusions: Standard/high-dose dexamethasone was associated with materially higher metabolic and psychiatric complication rates and a longer LOS than a low-dose regimen, without an apparent neurological-safety advantage. The findings support a pharmacy-led pathway to reduce default dexamethasone exposure in elective tumour craniotomy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amjed Hassan Sahib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Drug Repurposing and Personalized Medicine in Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review (2020–2025
Background: Autoimmune diseases collectively affect approximately 10% of the global population and carry rising disability-adjusted life-year burdens across all age groups. De novo drug development costs approximately 2.56$ US billion per approved compound. Drug repurposing combined with precision medicine offers a faster, safer, and more cost-effective alternative. Objective: To systematically synthesize evidence (January 2020 – May 2025) on repurposed pharmacotherapies in major autoimmune diseases and the biomarker, omics, and pharmacogenomic frameworks used to personalize their deployment. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020, we searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomized controlled trials were appraised with Cochrane RoB 2.0; non-randomised studies with ROBINS-I. Data were synthesized narratively across six disease categories. Results: 187 studies met inclusion criteria. Five pivotal phase 3 programs delivered practice-changing results: anifr olumab (TULIP-2) in systemic lupus erythematosus, voclosporin (AURORA 1) in lupus nephritis, upadacitinib (U-ACHIEVE/U-ACCOMPLISH) in ulcerative colitis, ozanimod (True North) in ulcerative colitis, and teplizumab (PROTECT) in type 1 diabetes. Deucravacitinib (POETYK PSO-1/2) and risankizumab (ADVANCE/MOTIVATE) transformed psoriasis and Crohn's disease management respectively. Three programs delivered negative or safety-restricting outcomes: MS-STAT2 (simvastatin in secondary progressive MS), the TrialNet Abatacept Prevention Study, and ORAL Surveillance (tofacitinib cardiovascular/cancer risk). Validated personalization tools include the type I interferon gene signature for anifrolumab in SLE, serum neurofilament light chain for MS therapy escalation, TPMT/NUDT15 genotyping for thiopurines in IBD, islet autoantibody staging for teplizumab in type 1 diabetes, and HLA-C*06:02 for ustekinumab selection in psoriasis. Conclusions: Drug repurposing produced the most impactful autoimmune therapeutics of 2020–2025. Population-level approvals are giving way to biomarker-anchored, endotype-stratified deployment. Future gains require adaptive trial designs, prospective omics companion diagnostics, polygenic risk score integration, and equitable access policies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghadah Ali Al-Oudah, Nada Khazal K. Hindi *, Maytham Ahmed AbdulAemah, Dhelal Fouad Mohammed, Ahmed Baher Kamal Al-Deen, Awab Ameer Al-Ameedee (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
From Fermenter to Formulation: Tracing Escherichia coli Host Cell Protein Hydrolases as a Determinant of Excipient and Protein Stability in a PEGylated Nanoencapsulated L-Asparaginase
Background: Residual host cell proteins (HCPs) co-purifying with recombinant therapeutic proteins are well-characterised immunogenicity and safety liabilities; however, their role as active enzymes capable of degrading formulation excipients polysorbates, lipids, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been studied exclusively in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-derived biologics. Whether analogous lipolytic HCPs from Escherichia coli manufacturing strains contribute to excipient and protein instability in finished E. coli-derived products is unknown.Objectives: This study aims to : (i) optimise fed-batch fermentation and inclusion-body (IB) refolding of recombinant L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) in E. coli BL21(DE3) to generate drug-substance lots with deliberately varied residual-HCP profiles; (ii) apply an orthogonal purity analytics platform ELISA, DIA/PRM LC-MS, activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), cIEF-MS, and SEC-MALS to identify and risk-rank residual E. coli serine hydrolases; and (iii) determine whether residual-HCP hydrolase burden predicts polysorbate, lipid, and PEG excipient degradation and protein stability loss in PLGA microsphere, LNP, PEGylated, and polysorbate-stabilised liquid formulations under accelerated stability conditions. Methods: Four L-ASNase lots (L1–L4) will be produced by varying DO-stat versus exponential fed-batch feeding and applying two levels of downstream polish (Protocol A: IMAC only; Protocol B: IMAC+IEX+HIC), yielding lots with ≥2-fold differences in residual-HCP burden. Each lot will be characterised by total-HCP ELISA, DIA/PRM LC-MS with a novel in-house E. coli BLR/HMS174 spectral library, ABPP with fluorophosphonate–rhodamine (FP-Rh) probes, cIEF-MS, and SEC-MALS. Lots will be formulated into PLGA microspheres, LNPs, PEGylated suspension, and PS20-stabilised liquid. Accelerated stability (25 °C and 40 °C, 12 weeks) will track FFA release by LC-MS/MS, PS20 integrity by RP-HPLC-CAD, aggregation by SEC-MALS, and enzyme-activity retention by Nessler assay. Expected Outcomes: We expect to demonstrate, for the first time, that E. coli-derived residual HCP hydrolases accelerate polysorbate and lipid excipient degradation in a burden-dependent manner analogous to the CHO polysorbate-degrading enzyme (PSDE) phenomenon, thereby linking upstream bioprocessing decisions directly to final-product shelf life.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zaman Kareem Hanan, Adnan Abed Azeez Alazraqi, Ögret. Üyesi Aysel SARİ, Aliaa Kareem Hanan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Intravesical Therapy for BCG-Unresponsive Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Gene Therapy, Oncolytic Viruses, and Nanoparticle Delivery
Background. Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) accounts for approximately 75% of new bladder cancer diagnoses. Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) is the established intravesical immunotherapy for high-risk disease, but 30–40% of patients become BCG-unresponsive defined by 2018 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) criteria as recurrence of high-grade disease despite adequate BCG exposure. Radical cystectomy has long been the standard salvage option, but carries substantial morbidity and quality-of-life cost; bladder-sparing alternatives are urgently needed. The therapeutic landscape has expanded rapidly between 2020 and 2026 with the regulatory approval of pembrolizumab (2020), nadofaragene firadenovec (2022, the first intravesical gene therapy), and nogapendekin alfa inbakicept plus BCG (2024, the first interleukin-15 [IL-15] superagonist), with cretostimogene grenadenorepvec (an oncolytic adenovirus) anticipated next. Objective. This narrative evidence-based review synthesizes the 2020–2026 literature on biopharmaceutical and biotechnology-based intravesical therapy for BCG-unresponsive NMIBC, focusing on mechanism, pivotal trial evidence, safety, and patient-selection considerations from a clinical urologist's perspective. Methods. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from January 2020 through March 2026. Eligible publications included pivotal phase 2 or 3 trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, regulatory documents, evidence-based guidelines, and selected translational papers. Reporting follows narrative-review principles informed by the PRISMA 2020 statement. Results. Sixty-eight studies were included. Pembrolizumab (anti–programmed cell death protein 1 [PD-1]) achieved a 41% complete response (CR) rate at 3 months in KEYNOTE-057 cohort A; nadofaragene firadenovec (recombinant adenovirus carrying interferon-α2b [IFN-α2b] complementary DNA) achieved 53.4% CR at 3 months and 24.3% CR at 12 months in the pivotal phase 3 trial; nogapendekin alfa inbakicept plus BCG achieved 62% overall CR rate in QUILT-3.032; and cretostimogene grenadenorepvec achieved 74.5% any-time CR and 41.8% durable CR at 24 months in BOND-003. Conclusions. Five distinct biotechnology platforms are now available for BCG-unresponsive NMIBC: anti–PD-1 systemic immunotherapy, non-replicating adenoviral gene therapy, IL-15 superagonist immunotherapy, oncolytic adenovirus, and emerging nanoparticle drug-delivery systems. The clinical urologist now exercises a meaningful choice among bladder-sparing options. Head-to-head evidence remains absent; selection rests on biomarker pattern, comorbidity profile, infrastructure access, and patient preference.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hayder Hakim Saleh, Hasan Ali Salmam Alhusseini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Design, Synthesis, and Novel 6-APA-Derived Nano-Metal Complexes: An Investigation of Their Antibacterial Properties and Biomedical Applications
People widely use antimicrobials without medical consultation, leading to the spread of antimicrobial resistance worldwide. This means that continuous efforts must be made to develop and improve antimicrobials, especially beta-lactam inhibitors. This study explores the development of advanced metal therapies using 6-aminopenicillanic acid . Where the compound was combined with a series of different cyclic aldehydes to generate a series of bonds. Then this bond was linked with transition metal ions such as , and . Many spectroscopic analyses confirmed the successful formation of the complexes. Most often, these compounds appeared as octahydrates and had a 1:2 ratio of metal to ligand. Additional tests on the conductivity and magnetic properties of these compounds confirmed the geometric shape and physical and chemical properties while maintaining the integrity of the beta-lactam ring. Both the field emission scanning electron microscope and the transmission electron microscope showed that there are nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 30 to 80 nanometres. When metals were added to the antibiotics through compound formation, they were much more effective in killing Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in the laboratory compared to the original compound . It was found that these compounds were more effective than the more recent studies. These studies provided additional evidence that the complex compounds are more effective than the original compounds. They also discovered that it can be used to treat more than one type of cancer when they simulated molecular docking and cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. This study shows that nanometallic compounds provide a promising basis for the development of new antibiotics and anticancer drugs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zaynab .F. AI-Janahi, Mohammed Hamid Said*, Tamara F. Hassen, Ghufran Kareem, Aliaa Kareem Abdulla, Ali Mohammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Silent BioMap Iraq 2026: From Silent Risk to National Protection
The escalating prevalence of non-communicable diseases necessitates a paradigm shift toward predictive and preventive healthcare. This study introduces the Silent BioMap Iraq 2026 initiative, designed to establish a national predictive framework based on early biological markers in apparently healthy individuals. A cohort of 1000 participants will be assessed for inflammatory, metabolic, cardiovascular, oxidative, and renal biomarkers. Machine learning algorithms will be employed to construct the Iraqi Early Risk Index . The model demonstrated high predictive accuracy , supporting its potential utility in early disease risk stratification and prevention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tiba Jasim Al-Temimi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Immunomodulatory Effects of Bifidobacterium Breve: Mechanism and Therapeutic Potential
Bifidobacterium breve is an abundant commensal bacterium in the infant intestine and an important component of many probiotic formulations. Th17 correctness, its plenitude is related to gut harmony and its decline relates to numerous inflammatory and autoimmune pathologies. We draw on a rapidly accumulating body of evidence describing the effects of B. breve on the immune system and revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. We describe its contribution to improving gut barrier function, modifying the systemic and mucosal immune systems via interaction with Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as well as the better regulation of the intra- and post-translational cytokine landscape, which in turn promoted an anti-inflammatory milieu by inducing IL-10 and TGF-β, while suppressing pro-inflammatory TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. We further discuss its strain-dependent functions with reference to the extensively characterized B. breve M-16V in the treatment of NEC, allergic inflammation and IBD. This review provides detailed insights into these mechanisms and demonstrates the therapeutic potential of B. breve for the treatment of immune-related disorders, and emphasizes the necessity of comprehensive characterization of strain-specific effects in future research and clinical application. Finally Increasing evidence shows that probiotics and gut microbiota can modulate human immune function and protect against diseases mediated by impaired gut barrier or chronic inflammation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zahraa S. Mohammed, Ali D. Hasan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Gene Expression in Clinical Escherichia coli Isolates from Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
Globally, antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli is major health problem. In Iraq, it has become a real issue because many people use antibiotics without proper medical guidance. This resistance comes from bacterial genes that can break the drug or push it out of the cell. Studying these genes at the molecular level is important for understanding how resistance develops and for improving treatment. This work underline the expression of important resistance genes in clinical E. coli isolates and how gene action is linked to antibiotic resistance. The specimen were obtain from hospitalized patients and confirm as E. coli by standard lab tests. Antibiotic susceptbility analysis was accomplished, as well as three genes—blaTEM, aac(3)-IV, and tetA—related to β-lactam, aminoglycoside, and tetracycline resistanse, were measured by real-time PCR. The results showed β-lactam-resistant isolates had larger blaTEM expression. Also, aac(3)-IV and tetA were more expressed in strains resistant to aminoglycosides and tetracycline. A very strong link originated between gene overexpression and resistance paterns. These result show that molecular testing is very useful to detect resistance early and to help choose better antibiotics in clinics. This can reduce treatment failure and slow the spread of resistant E. coli strains.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bushra Hamad Obaid, Sura A Al-Ganahi, Robeena Farzand, Baleegh A. Kadhim, Randa Jamal Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Review: Reye's Syndrome in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
Reye's syndrome is a serious condition that causes swelling of the liver and brain. It can occur at any age, but it usually affects children and teenagers after a viral infection, most commonly the flu or chickenpox. Reye's syndrome is rare. This condition is also known as Reye's syndrome. Symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness require emergency treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment of Reye's syndrome can save a child's life. Aspirin has been linked to Reye's syndrome in children or teenagers with the flu or chickenpox. Do not give aspirin to children or teenagers. For fever or pain, consider giving your child acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) for infants or children. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen for infants or children are safer alternatives to aspirin.
Copyright (c) 2025 Widad Abd Aljabbar Mozzan, Nada Khazal K. Hindi, Fatima Haider Kadham, Maytham Ahmed AbdulAemah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Antibiotic Use Among the Public in Al-Muthanna Governorate, Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Web Survey
Background: There is random antibiotics use in the Al-Muthanna Governorate especially in the unauthorized clinics. The aim of the study is to investigate the levels of knowledge and the behaviors of Almuthanna Governorate Public regarding antibiotics, and to investigate the presence of common factors between them. Methods: A survey was conducted on a self-selected web sample disseminated via social media of 175 samples for both genders. The samples were obtained from Almuthanna Governorate. The study was conducted during the month of July 2024. The study included questions on demographic characteristics, knowledge about antibiotic use and resistance, attitudes and behaviors toward antibiotic. Results: Generally, participants were asked what they think about antibiotics. Results showed 59.42% correctly identified antibiotics as a substance or compound that kills germs. The participants knowledge of the term antibiotic-resistant bacteria, 60% of the participants answered yes, and they have some knowledge about the term of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. 70.9% of participants know that antibiotics are used in cases of infections in general. As for how to manage and deal with antibiotics, 52% of the participants said that they have a desire to read the special instructions for antibiotics, 65.7% answered that they have a desire to make sure of the expiry date of the antibiotic before purchasing, and 81.7% of the participants said that when they finish using the antibiotic, they usually dispose of it by throwing it in the household waste basket. Conclusion: The survey has led to knowledge of the attitudes and behaviors towards antibiotics among the population, and the initiative should provide education and practical means to change their behavior for the better in addition to correcting misconceptions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yousif S. Alhamadani, Rima N. Hassan, Hadeel S. Almaliki, Bushra Hussein Alwan, Haider S. Almnehlawi, Mohenned A. Alsaadawi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Targeting Immune Checkpoints with Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Advances
Targeting immune checkpoints including PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 with monoclonal antibodies have transformed cancer immunotherapy by altering T-cell signaling pathway. This review examines the molecular mechanisms underlying immune checkpoint blockade and discusses the current landscape of FDA-approved therapies, ongoing clinical trials, and next-generation checkpoint targets. Emphasis is placed on resistance mechanisms, biomarker development for patient selection, and combinatorial strategies to overcome therapeutic limitations. Furthermore, this study explores the potential of antibody engineering in future such as bispecific antibodies and Fc optimization. Merging the mechanistic insights with advancements in clinical and future thinking, we address the issue of personalized medicinal approach, and immune related adverse reaction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dhulfiqar A. Abed, Shaimaa Obaid Hasson, Rawaa M. Mohammed, Noor Z. Kbah, Shimaa Mohamed Abu Zeid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Recent Innovations in Lipid Nanoparticle Formulations for mRNA Vaccine Delivery Against Emerging Infectious Diseases
Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have demonstrated remarkable efficacy during the COVID-19 pandemic, largely owing to advances in lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery systems. This review explores the recent innovations in LNP formulation, including novel lipid components, ionizable lipid structures, and stability enhancement strategies, aimed at improving mRNA delivery efficiency, tissue targeting, and immune response modulation. We also discuss the challenges of scale-up manufacturing, storage stability, and regulatory pathways for LNP-mRNA vaccines addressing infectious diseases beyond COVID-19, such as influenza, Zika, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
Copyright (c) 2026 Sadiq AL-Mansury, Nibras A. AL-Mansouri, Zahraa Yahya, Worood Al-Jobouri, Samar Al-Saidi, Mohammad H. Hamzeh, Qusay A. Hasan, Nada Khazal K. Hindi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
An Overview: Engineering pH-Sensitive Polymeric Nanoparticles for Enhanced Intracellular Delivery of Anticancer Drugs in Hypoxic Tumors
Hypoxic tumor microenvironments pose significant barriers to effective chemotherapy. We developed pH-sensitive polymeric nanoparticles capable of releasing doxorubicin selectively in acidic conditions typical of hypoxic tumors. Nanoparticle characterization confirmed size uniformity, pH-responsiveness, and stability. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated enhanced cellular uptake, drug release under acidic conditions, and superior tumor growth inhibition compared to free drug formulations. Our platform offers a promising strategy for overcoming hypoxia-associated chemoresistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raoof Jabbar Abbas Maaroof , Hiba Jasim Hamza , Nada Khazal K. Hindi , Mohamed AbdElrahman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Nanocarriers in Targeted Drug Delivery: Design Strategies to Overcome Biological Barriers
Effective drug delivery requires overcoming multiple biological barriers, including enzymatic degradation, immune clearance, and poor tissue penetration. This review systematically presents the design strategies for nanocarriers — including surface modification, stimuli-responsive release, and active targeting ligands — to enhance therapeutic index and specificity. We discuss recent advances in polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, and exosome-based carriers, emphasizing their applications in cancer, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders
Copyright (c) 2025 Tiba Al Temimi, Huda Mohammed Reda, Reda Elfeshawy , Amal Talib Al Sa'ady , Shatha Khazal K. Hindi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Generation and Characterization of a Novel Anti-IL-17A Monoclonal Antibody for the Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis
Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis. We generated a high-affinity monoclonal antibody against IL-17A using hybridoma technology and characterized its binding kinetics, neutralization potency, and in vivo efficacy in an experimental arthritis model. The antibody demonstrated superior affinity compared to existing therapeutics and significantly reduced disease severity in treated animals. These results support the potential of this novel antibody as a therapeutic candidate.
Copyright (c) 2025 Widad Abd Aljabbar Mozzan, Nada Khazal K. Hindi, Ashwaq M. S. Al-Jbouri, Yasmeen Ali Hussein, Hayder Al-Aubaidy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Pharmacogenomics in Personalized Oncology: From Biomarker Discovery to Clinical Implementation
Pharmacogenomics has emerged as a cornerstone of personalized oncology, enabling the optimization of drug selection and dosing based on individual genetic profiles. This review traces the journey from biomarker discovery to clinical implementation, covering technologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), liquid biopsy, and single-cell RNA sequencing. Challenges related to data interpretation, integration into clinical practice, and ethical considerations in genomic data handling are critically discussed. Case studies highlighting success stories in targeted therapies, such as EGFR inhibitors and PARP inhibitors, are included.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ghadah Ali Al-Oudah, Sahar Kadhim Abbas , Rasha Hadi Saleh , Noor Thamer Mahmood , Wallaa Luay Alfalluji, Widad Hamza , Ahmed M. N. Al-Ajrash (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CRISPR-Cas9 in Functional Genomics: Implications for Target Validation in Precision Oncology
CRISPR-Cas9 has revolutionized functional genomics by enabling precise genome editing with unprecedented efficiency. This review focuses on the application of CRISPR-based platforms for target discovery and validation in precision oncology. Key topics include the design of genome-wide CRISPR screens, synthetic lethality identification, and CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and activation (CRISPRa) methodologies. We highlight current case studies where CRISPR has led to the identification of novel therapeutic targets, discuss technical limitations such as off-target effects, and explore ethical considerations in clinical translation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iman Fadhel Abdul-Hussin, Mays Hassan Obais Alkhalidi, Sharafaldin Al-Musawi, Lubna Abd Muttalib Alshalah, Mohsen Sheykhhasan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Design and Preclinical Evaluation of a Multi-Epitope mRNA Vaccine Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections represent a critical healthcare challenge. In this study, we describe the design a multi-epitope mRNA vaccine encoding immunodominant MRSA antigens, delivered using a novel lipid nanoparticle system. Preclinical evaluation in murine models demonstrated robust humoral and cellular immune responses, with significant protection against MRSA challenge. The vaccine exhibited excellent safety and tolerability profiles. No bacterial colonies were detected in the brain, lung, and spleen tissues of the mice that were immunized with the mRNA vaccine at dosages of 75, 150, or 300 µg. No statistical difference in bacterial burden was found among the mRNA-dosed groups. Our findings support the further development of mRNA-based strategies for combating antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.
Copyright (c) 2025 Noor Z. Kbah , Fatemah Hasan Shkir, Saja Hussein Hashim , Qassim A. Zigam, Ahmed R. Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
History of Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Iraq: A Review
Worldwide, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is the most common tick-borne viral disease. The causes are Nairoviruses. from animals to humans are transmission of the virus by tick bites or by connection with the tissues and blood of infected animals directly through or after butchery immediately, and from person to person through interaction with the blood, excretions, or fluids of the body of an ill person. Farmers and pastoralists are the most vulnerable because of their bigger experience of ticks; keepers of livestock due to their connection with primates that act as hosts without symptoms of the illness; and employees of healthcare, regarding their increased danger of hospital-acquired contagions. Ribavirin has been used to treat Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever after WHO approval. Awareness campaigns on risk factors and control measures have helped to reduce the spread of the disease to a greater level. Conclusions: In Iraq and before 1979, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever was not documented. Later, several outbreaks happened, and the illness became endemic through recurring outbreaks. In 2023, the most significant outbreak in Iraq in recent times, as the lack of protective measures in addition to the management throughout the pandemic of Covid-19 have a major for the increase in illness, in addition to the occurrence of non-licensed butchers, particularly in Eid al-Adha, played an important role in this epidemic.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ashwaq M. S. Al-Jbouri, Nada Khazal K. Hindi, Raoof J. A. Maaroof , Ahmed Saleem Abbas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Bacillus subtilis and Their Anti-Leishmanial Activity in Vivo
One of the most prevalent parasite infections in the Middle East is cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). It is the first time in this work that in vitro anti-leishmanial effects of B. subtilis/AgNPs were examined on L. tropica promastigote, and their efficacies were compared with pentostam. These nanoparticles are described to confirm using the techniques: UV–-visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), where showed an absorption peak at 428 nm, and A scanning electron microscope, where the results showed that the sizes ranged between 41.5 - 68 nm at an average of 44.2 ± 1.13 nm, XRD was confirmed the presence of cubic crystal system has been identified to be due to silver metalfor. As for the FTIR analysis, several absorption peaks appeared, but a strong band shown at 3484.27 cm-1 can be assigned to the primary amine N-H stretching that is present in the bacterial supernatant. Five NP concentrations were used, and each concentration of AgNPs displayed remarkable anti-leishmanial activity against L. tropica promastigotes in vitro. However, a concentration of (200 µg/ml) displayed a superior inhibitory impact on the growth of parasites compared to the rest of the other concentrations, where the rate of inhibition was the percentage 59.47 ± 2.7 after 24 hours. At 48 h and 72 h, the average percentage of parasite inhibition was 67.72±1.95 and 72.79 ± 0.45, respectively. The outcomes were remarkably similar to the reference medicine (pentostam). As for the lowest inhibition among the rest of the concentrations, it was the concentration (800 µg/ml), where the average percentage of inhibition reached 59.47 ± 2.7, 67.72 ± 1.95, and 72.79 ± 0.45 after 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Rana Saleh , Ghaidaa Abass Jasim Al-Jubouri, Rasha Saleh Sahib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Role of CRISPR-Cas Systems in the Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease and Precision Periodontal Therapy
The emergence of CRISPR-Cas systems has revolutionized biomedical research, offering new possibilities for addressing complex diseases such as periodontal disease. This multifactorial condition arises from a combination of microbial dysbiosis and dysregulated host immune responses, resulting in chronic inflammation that can progress to tooth loss if left untreated. CRISPR technology can tackle these root causes by precisely targeting pathogenic microbes and modulating host immune pathways. The incorporation of CRISPR-Cas systems into precision periodontal therapy not only opens the door to highly personalized treatment strategies but also triggers important discussions about the ethical considerations and technical challenges of gene editing. This review study assessed the effect of CRISPR-Cas systems in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, evaluate their therapeutic potential, and evaluate their implications for future clinical applications.
Copyright (c) 2024 Magdi A. Ali (Author)
Curcumin and Neuroprotection: A Promising Herbal Strategy for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease
Curcumin, a bioactive compound extracted from Curcuma longa, exhibits neuroprotective effects, especially in relation to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. This research aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of curcumin in an animal model of neurodegeneration induced by oxidative stress and inflammation. In this study, 40 Swiss albino mice were included and divided into four groups: a control group, a disease model group, and two treatment groups receiving curcumin at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg for 21 days. Behavioral assessments, including the Morris water maze and rotarod tests, were conducted to evaluate cognitive and motor functions. Biochemical analyses were performed to measure oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, and GSH) and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in brain tissues. The results demonstrated that curcumin significantly improved cognitive and motor performance in treated mice compared to the disease model group (p < 0.01). Curcumin administration reduced oxidative stress by 35% and lowered inflammatory cytokine levels by 40% in the brain. Histopathological analysis revealed a 30% reduction in neuronal damage in the curcumin-treated groups. These results suggest that curcumin exerts neuroprotective effects by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation, two key pathological mechanisms underlying Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. This animal study showed the positive effect of curcumin, a natural therapeutic compound, on neurodegenerative disorders.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ibrahim G. Abdelrhman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
mRNA Vaccines Beyond COVID-19: Emerging Therapeutic Frontiers
The rapid development and deployment of mRNA vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic represented a pivotal moment in medical science, emphasizing the technology's potential far beyond its initial applications. As researchers explore the versatility of mRNA platforms further, the possibility of expanding their use to tackle a wide range of health challenges is becoming increasingly feasible. This study aims to encompassing diverse areas such as infectious diseases, personalized medicine, oncology, and chronic infections like HIV and tuberculosis. The inherent adaptability of mRNA technology, characterized by its ability to be quickly customized in response to emerging pathogens, establishes it as a critical tool for frontline pandemic defense and a powerful approach to personalized cancer immunotherapy. Consequently, the ongoing advancement of mRNA vaccine development holds immense promise for revolutionizing therapeutic strategies across various medical fields.
Copyright (c) 2024 Walid Theib Mohammad Yousif, Ahmad Maher Ibrahim Al Sayeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Monoclonal Antibodies in Modern Medicine: Their Therapeutic Potential and Future Directions
The initiation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has catalyzed a paradigm shift in treatment strategies for a wide range of diseases. Initially conceived in the 1970s, their development marked a significant milestone in biomedical research, merging principles of immunology with advanced engineering techniques. Monoclonal antibodies, characterized by their specificity for unique antigens, have revolutionized cancer treatment, enabling personalized medicine that tailors therapies to individual patient profiles. Moreover, their effect in managing autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory conditions showed their versatility as therapeutic agents. Despite their significant impact, the drive of mAbs is not without problems, including high manufacturing costs and immunogenicity concerns. This study aims to assess the intricate mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications, and future trajectories of monoclonal antibodies, emphasizing their indispensable effect in modern medicine and paving the approach for innovative healthcare solutions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Samuel Ebele Udeabor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Development of Curcumin-Loaded Alginate Beads for Targeted Gastric Mucosa Delivery in Helicobacter Pylori-Associated Gastritis
Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis is a significant global health challenge, emphasizing the need for innovative treatment approaches. This study developed curcumin-loaded alginate beads as a targeted delivery system for the gastric mucosa. Curcumin, a bioactive compound derived from Curcuma longa, has demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, particularly against H. pylori. Alginate beads were formulated using the ionotropic gelation method, with optimization of bead composition to ensure prolonged gastric residence time. A total of 120 alginate bead preparations were assessed for their physical characteristics, including mean diameter, drug loading (DL), and encapsulation efficiency (EE). The mean diameter, DL, and EE were 1.25 ± 0.05 mm, 82.65%, and 91.43%, respectively. The beads exhibited excellent floating properties, maintaining buoyancy for over eight hours in simulated gastric fluid. As a conclusion, curcumin-loaded alginate beads can enhance therapeutic efficacy against H. pylori-associated gastritis by enabling targeted and prolonged drug delivery at the infection site.
Copyright (c) 2024 Adil Abdelrahim Mohammed Yousif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Biotechnology of the Diagnosis Urinary Tract Infections: Review
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a prevalent disease globally, affecting people of various genders and ages, with cases ranging from acute to chronic. Consequently, assessing techniques for diagnosing these infections is essential. In this review study, eight different diagnostic techniques for urinary tract infections with their advantages and disadvantages were assessed. Overall, this study showed that nanotechnology, biosensing, and endoscope technology, despite their limitations, are more efficient and accurate in diagnosis compared to other techniques.
Copyright (c) 2024 Yousif Alhamadani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Biomedical Applications of Alginate Oligosaccharides: Exploring Their Therapeutic Potential and Modification Techniques
Thorough research has been conducted on marine algae, with a specific emphasis on their potential health advantages. Scientists have discovered and separated many constituents from marine algae that have the potential to be used in medicine. One example is alginate oligosaccharides, which are small polysaccharides with low molecular weight that are present in the cell walls of brown algae. These chemicals have many health benefits, such as reducing inflammation, fighting against microorganisms, preventing oxidative damage, inhibiting tumour growth, and modulating the immune system. Due to their little toxicity, lack of immunogenicity, and capacity to degrade naturally, they are very well-suited for use in biomedical applications. Alginate oligosaccharides have the ability to undergo chemical or biochemical changes in order to enhance their biological activity and potential for use in medicinal applications. This study provides a succinct summary of the attributes of alginate oligosaccharides, the techniques used to modify them, and highlights their significant health-enhancing benefits.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mokhles Mohammed, Haider Nasser Jabber, Fatima Mohammed Abdul Jabbar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Invastigate The Serum Level of Interleukin-4 In Patients with Chronic Rhinosinositis with Nasal Polyps and Healthy Individuals
Objective: Interleukin-4 plays several biological roles, including stimulating the proliferation of activated B and T cells and differentiating B cells into plasma cells. This study aimed to determine whether the etiology of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs) is associated with serum levels of interleukin-4. Patients and Methods: a blood samples from 35 Iraqi patients—21 men and 14 women—who had nasal polyps as well as a control group of 35 healthy volunteers were collected. The serum was then separated in a plain tube, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method was used to determine the optical density of Interleukin-4 in the serum (ELISA) Results: Serum levels of interleukin-4 were significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between serum interleukin-4 levels and age or gender in either group. Conclusions: Individuals who have NPs had elevated degrees of IL-4
Copyright (c) 2024 Hiba Hamed Zidan, Rusul Hamza Kamel , Zainab Jawad Abo-tbeak (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Nanocellulose in Drug Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review
Research in medicinal chemistry lays a substantial emphasis on the development of efficient drug delivery techniques that make use of nanomaterials that are both biocompatible and inert. In comparison to the numerous primary materials that are now accessible, nanocrystalline cellulose stands out due to its biocompatibility and inert qualities. The surface of the object may also be modified using a wide range of various manufacturing processes. During the course of our investigation, we have gathered data on a number of different types of nanocellulose as well as the applications of nanocellulose that are associated with drug delivery systems. Throughout the course of this investigation, the key subjects of discussion include the methods of manufacturing nanocellulose as well as its applications in oral, transdermal, and localised drug delivery systems. Furthermore, it analyses the possibilities and restrictions that are given by nanocellulose that has been surface-modified.Because of their low cost, the fact that they may be reused, and the fact that they are biodegradable, natural polymers have been the subject of recent years’ worth of substantial developments in the exploration of diverse uses.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sarah Tahseen, Hiba Hamed Zidan, Manar Mohammed Abdul Jabbar, Ahmed Al-hassan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/