Trends in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
type: channel
publisher: N A. Foundation Press
language: en
publication name: Trends in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
issn: 3005-7736
items: Immunomodulatory Effects of Bifidobacterium Breve: Mechanism and Therapeutic Potential
items: Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Gene Expression in Clinical Escherichia coli Isolates from Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
items: Review: Reye's Syndrome in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
items: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Antibiotic Use Among the Public in Al-Muthanna Governorate, Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Web Survey
items: Targeting Immune Checkpoints with Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Advances
items: Recent Innovations in Lipid Nanoparticle Formulations for mRNA Vaccine Delivery Against Emerging Infectious Diseases
items: An Overview: Engineering pH-Sensitive Polymeric Nanoparticles for Enhanced Intracellular Delivery of Anticancer Drugs in Hypoxic Tumors
items: Nanocarriers in Targeted Drug Delivery: Design Strategies to Overcome Biological Barriers
items: Generation and Characterization of a Novel Anti-IL-17A Monoclonal Antibody for the Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis
items: Pharmacogenomics in Personalized Oncology: From Biomarker Discovery to Clinical Implementation
items: CRISPR-Cas9 in Functional Genomics: Implications for Target Validation in Precision Oncology
items: Design and Preclinical Evaluation of a Multi-Epitope mRNA Vaccine Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
items: History of Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Iraq: A Review
items: Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Bacillus subtilis and Their Anti-Leishmanial Activity in Vivo
items: Role of CRISPR-Cas Systems in the Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease and Precision Periodontal Therapy
items: Curcumin and Neuroprotection: A Promising Herbal Strategy for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease
items: mRNA Vaccines Beyond COVID-19: Emerging Therapeutic Frontiers
items: Monoclonal Antibodies in Modern Medicine: Their Therapeutic Potential and Future Directions
items: Development of Curcumin-Loaded Alginate Beads for Targeted Gastric Mucosa Delivery in Helicobacter Pylori-Associated Gastritis
items: Biotechnology of the Diagnosis Urinary Tract Infections: Review
items: Biomedical Applications of Alginate Oligosaccharides: Exploring Their Therapeutic Potential and Modification Techniques
items: Invastigate The Serum Level of Interleukin-4 In Patients with Chronic Rhinosinositis with Nasal Polyps and Healthy Individuals
items: Nanocellulose in Drug Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review
items: Biochemical Application of New Synthetic Compounds of Pyridine Derivatives Incorporating on Tetrazole Moieties
items: Antimicrobial Effects of Three-Types of Metronidazole Drug on Salmonella Enterica and Vibrio Fluvialis Isolated from Thi-Qar Province
items: The Effect of FSH and Letrozole Treatment on The Lipid Profile in Women Being Treated for Fertility
items: Biomimetic Cell Membrane Vehicles: Navigating the BloodBrain Barrier for Enhanced CNS Drug Delivery
items: Nanocarriers and Beyond: Innovations in Overcoming Barriers for Effective CNS Drug Delivery
items: Extracellular Vesicles as Promising Vectors for CRISPR/Cas9 Delivery: Advantages, Challenges, and Clinical Implications
items: Optimizing Chrysin’s Anticancer Efficacy on MDA-MB-231 Cells: Synthesis and Characterization of Chrysin-Loaded Gold/Chitosan Nanoparticles

Immunomodulatory Effects of Bifidobacterium Breve: Mechanism and Therapeutic Potential
type: item
description: Bifidobacterium breve is an abundant commensal bacterium in the infant intestine and an important component of many probiotic formulations. Th17 correctness, its plenitude is related to gut harmony and its decline relates to numerous inflammatory and autoimmune pathologies. We draw on a rapidly accumulating body of evidence describing the effects of B. breve on the immune system and revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. We describe its contribution to improving gut barrier function, modifying the systemic and mucosal immune systems via interaction with Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as well as the better regulation of the intra- and post-translational cytokine landscape, which in turn promoted an anti-inflammatory milieu by inducing IL-10 and TGF-β, while suppressing pro-inflammatory TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. We further discuss its strain-dependent functions with reference to the extensively characterized B. breve M-16V in the treatment of NEC, allergic inflammation and IBD. This review provides detailed insights into these mechanisms and demonstrates the therapeutic potential of B. breve for the treatment of immune-related disorders, and emphasizes the necessity of comprehensive characterization of strain-specific effects in future research and clinical application. Finally Increasing evidence shows that probiotics and gut microbiota can modulate human immune function and protect against diseases mediated by impaired gut barrier or chronic inflammation.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bifidobacterium Breve
  topic: keywords
subject: Cytokines
  topic: keywords
subject: Immune-Related Disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: Immune Response
  topic: keywords
subject: TLR, TNF-α
  topic: keywords
creator: Zahraa S. Mohammed
creator: Ali D. Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zahraa S. Mohammed, Ali D. Hasan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2025.153196.1031

Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Gene Expression in Clinical Escherichia coli Isolates from Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
type: item
description: Globally, antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli is major health problem. In Iraq, it has become a real issue because many people use antibiotics without proper medical guidance. This resistance comes from bacterial genes that can break the drug or push it out of the cell. Studying these genes at the molecular level is important for understanding how resistance develops and for improving treatment. This work underline the expression of important resistance genes in clinical E. coli isolates and how gene action is linked to antibiotic resistance. The specimen were obtain from hospitalized patients and confirm as E. coli by standard lab tests. Antibiotic susceptbility analysis was accomplished, as well as three genes—blaTEM, aac(3)-IV, and tetA—related to β-lactam, aminoglycoside, and tetracycline resistanse, were measured by real-time PCR. The results showed β-lactam-resistant isolates had larger blaTEM expression. Also, aac(3)-IV and tetA were more expressed in strains resistant to aminoglycosides and tetracycline. A very strong link originated between gene overexpression and resistance paterns. These result show that molecular testing is very useful to detect resistance early and to help choose better antibiotics in clinics. This can reduce treatment failure and slow the spread of resistant E. coli strains.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Antibiotic Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Escherichia coli
  topic: keywords
subject: Gene expression
  topic: keywords
subject: Real-time PCR
  topic: keywords
subject: β-lactamase
  topic: keywords
subject: Clinical isolates
  topic: keywords
creator: Bushra Obaid
creator: Sura Al-Ganahi
creator: Robeena Farzand
creator: Baleegh Kadhim
creator: Randa Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Bushra Hamad Obaid, Sura A Al-Ganahi, Robeena Farzand, Baleegh A. Kadhim, Randa Jamal Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 59
ending page: 64
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2025.153196.1036

Review: Reye's Syndrome in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
type: item
description: Reye's syndrome is a serious condition that causes swelling of the liver and brain. It can occur at any age, but it usually affects children and teenagers after a viral infection, most commonly the flu or chickenpox. Reye's syndrome is rare. This condition is also known as Reye's syndrome. Symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness require emergency treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment of Reye's syndrome can save a child's life. Aspirin has been linked to Reye's syndrome in children or teenagers with the flu or chickenpox. Do not give aspirin to children or teenagers. For fever or pain, consider giving your child acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) for infants or children. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen for infants or children are safer alternatives to aspirin.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Children
  topic: keywords
subject: Reye's Syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: Symptoms
  topic: keywords
subject: Treatment
  topic: keywords
creator: Widad Abd Aljabbar Mozzan
creator: Nada Khazal K. Hindi
creator: Fatima Haider Kadham
creator: Maytham Ahmed AbdulAemah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Widad Abd Aljabbar Mozzan, Nada Khazal K. Hindi, Fatima Haider Kadham, Maytham Ahmed AbdulAemah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 48
ending page: 53
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2025.153196.1034

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Antibiotic Use Among the Public in Al-Muthanna Governorate, Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Web Survey
type: item
description: Background: There is random antibiotics use in the Al-Muthanna Governorate especially in the unauthorized clinics. The aim of the study is to investigate the levels of knowledge and the behaviors of Almuthanna Governorate Public regarding antibiotics, and to investigate the presence of common factors between them. Methods: A survey was conducted on a self-selected web sample disseminated via social media of 175 samples for both genders. The samples were obtained from Almuthanna Governorate. The study was conducted during the month of July 2024. The study included questions on demographic characteristics, knowledge about antibiotic use and resistance, attitudes and behaviors toward antibiotic. Results: Generally, participants were asked what they think about antibiotics. Results showed 59.42% correctly identified antibiotics as a substance or compound that kills germs. The participants knowledge of the term antibiotic-resistant bacteria, 60% of the participants answered yes, and they have some knowledge about the term of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. 70.9% of participants know that antibiotics are used in cases of infections in general. As for how to manage and deal with antibiotics, 52% of the participants said that they have a desire to read the special instructions for antibiotics, 65.7% answered that they have a desire to make sure of the expiry date of the antibiotic before purchasing, and 81.7% of the participants said that when they finish using the antibiotic, they usually dispose of it by throwing it in the household waste basket. Conclusion: The survey has led to knowledge of the attitudes and behaviors towards antibiotics among the population, and the initiative should provide education and practical means to change their behavior for the better in addition to correcting misconceptions.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Antibiotics
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Bacterial Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Perceptions
  topic: keywords
subject: Infections
  topic: keywords
creator: Yousif Alhamadani
creator: Rima Hassan
creator: Hadeel Almaliki
creator: Bushra Alwan
creator: Haider Alsaadawi
creator: Mohenned Alsaadawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yousif S. Alhamadani, Rima N. Hassan, Hadeel S. Almaliki, Bushra Hussein Alwan, Haider S. Almnehlawi, Mohenned A. Alsaadawi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 54
ending page: 58
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2025.153196.1035

Targeting Immune Checkpoints with Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Advances
type: item
description: Targeting immune checkpoints including PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 with monoclonal antibodies have transformed cancer immunotherapy by altering T-cell signaling pathway. This review examines the molecular mechanisms underlying immune checkpoint blockade and discusses the current landscape of FDA-approved therapies, ongoing clinical trials, and next-generation checkpoint targets. Emphasis is placed on resistance mechanisms, biomarker development for patient selection, and combinatorial strategies to overcome therapeutic limitations. Furthermore, this study explores the potential of antibody engineering in future such as bispecific antibodies and Fc optimization. Merging the mechanistic insights with advancements in clinical and future thinking, we address the issue of personalized medicinal approach, and immune related adverse reaction.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cancer Treatment
  topic: keywords
subject: CTLA-4
  topic: keywords
subject: Immune Checkpoints
  topic: keywords
subject: Immune Evasion
  topic: keywords
subject: Immunotherapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Monoclonal Antibodies
  topic: keywords
subject: PD-1
  topic: keywords
creator: Dhulfiqar Abed
creator: Shaimaa Obaid Hasson
creator: Rawaa M. Mohammed
creator: Noor Z. Kbah
creator: Shimaa Mohamed Abu Zeid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dhulfiqar A. Abed, Shaimaa Obaid Hasson, Rawaa M. Mohammed, Noor Z. Kbah, Shimaa Mohamed Abu Zeid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 28
ending page: 47
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2025.153196.1033

Recent Innovations in Lipid Nanoparticle Formulations for mRNA Vaccine Delivery Against Emerging Infectious Diseases
type: item
description: Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have demonstrated remarkable efficacy during the COVID-19 pandemic, largely owing to advances in lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery systems. This review explores the recent innovations in LNP formulation, including novel lipid components, ionizable lipid structures, and stability enhancement strategies, aimed at improving mRNA delivery efficiency, tissue targeting, and immune response modulation. We also discuss the challenges of scale-up manufacturing, storage stability, and regulatory pathways for LNP-mRNA vaccines addressing infectious diseases beyond COVID-19, such as influenza, Zika, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Drug Delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: Emerging Pathogens
  topic: keywords
subject: Infectious Diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Lipid Nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: LNP Formulation
  topic: keywords
subject: mRNA Vaccines
  topic: keywords
subject: Vaccine Development
  topic: keywords
creator: Nibras A. AL-Mansouri
creator: Zahraa Yahya
creator: Sadiq Al-Mansury
creator: Worood Al-Jobouri
creator: Samar Al-Saidi
creator: Mohammad H. Hamzeh
creator: Qusay A. Hasan
creator: Nada Khazal K. Hindi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sadiq AL-Mansury, Nibras A. AL-Mansouri, Zahraa Yahya, Worood Al-Jobouri, Samar Al-Saidi, Mohammad H. Hamzeh, Qusay A. Hasan, Nada Khazal K. Hindi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 13
ending page: 27
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2025.153196.1032

An Overview: Engineering pH-Sensitive Polymeric Nanoparticles for Enhanced Intracellular Delivery of Anticancer Drugs in Hypoxic Tumors
type: item
description: Hypoxic tumor microenvironments pose significant barriers to effective chemotherapy. We developed pH-sensitive polymeric nanoparticles capable of releasing doxorubicin selectively in acidic conditions typical of hypoxic tumors. Nanoparticle characterization confirmed size uniformity, pH-responsiveness, and stability. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated enhanced cellular uptake, drug release under acidic conditions, and superior tumor growth inhibition compared to free drug formulations. Our platform offers a promising strategy for overcoming hypoxia-associated chemoresistance.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cancer Therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Drug Delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: Hypoxic Tumors
  topic: keywords
subject: Doxorubicin
  topic: keywords
subject: Ph-Sensitive Nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: Tumor Microenvironment
  topic: keywords
creator: Raoof Jabbar Abbas Maaroof
creator: Hiba Jasim Hamza
creator: Nada Khazal K. Hindi
creator: Mohamed AbdElrahman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Raoof Jabbar Abbas Maaroof , Hiba Jasim Hamza , Nada Khazal K. Hindi , Mohamed AbdElrahman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 70
ending page: 78
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2025.153196.1029

Nanocarriers in Targeted Drug Delivery: Design Strategies to Overcome Biological Barriers
type: item
description: Effective drug delivery requires overcoming multiple biological barriers, including enzymatic degradation, immune clearance, and poor tissue penetration. This review systematically presents the design strategies for nanocarriers — including surface modification, stimuli-responsive release, and active targeting ligands — to enhance therapeutic index and specificity. We discuss recent advances in polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, and exosome-based carriers, emphasizing their applications in cancer, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biological Barriers
  topic: keywords
subject: Cancer Therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Controlled Release
  topic: keywords
subject: Dendrimers
  topic: keywords
subject: Exosomes
  topic: keywords
subject: Liposomes
  topic: keywords
subject: Nanocarriers
  topic: keywords
subject: Neurodegeneration
  topic: keywords
subject: Polymeric Nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: Targeted Drug Delivery
  topic: keywords
creator: Tiba Al Temimi
creator: Huda Mohammed Reda
creator: Reda Elfeshawy
creator: Amal Talib Al Sa'ady
creator: Shatha Khazal K. Hindi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tiba Al Temimi, Huda Mohammed Reda, Reda Elfeshawy , Amal Talib Al Sa'ady , Shatha Khazal K. Hindi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 64
ending page: 69
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2025.153196.1028

Generation and Characterization of a Novel Anti-IL-17A Monoclonal Antibody for the Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis
type: item
description: Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis. We generated a high-affinity monoclonal antibody against IL-17A using hybridoma technology and characterized its binding kinetics, neutralization potency, and in vivo efficacy in an experimental arthritis model. The antibody demonstrated superior affinity compared to existing therapeutics and significantly reduced disease severity in treated animals. These results support the potential of this novel antibody as a therapeutic candidate.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cytokine Inhibition
  topic: keywords
subject: IL-17A
  topic: keywords
subject: Inflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: Monoclonal Antibody
  topic: keywords
subject: Psoriatic Arthritis
  topic: keywords
subject: Therapeutic Antibodies
  topic: keywords
creator: Widad Abd AL Jabbar Mozzan
creator: Nada Khazal K. Hindi
creator: Ashwaq Al-jburi
creator: Yasmeen Ali Hussein
creator: Hayder Al-Aubaidy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Widad Abd Aljabbar Mozzan, Nada Khazal K. Hindi, Ashwaq M. S. Al-Jbouri, Yasmeen Ali Hussein, Hayder Al-Aubaidy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 49
ending page: 63
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2025.153196.1027

Pharmacogenomics in Personalized Oncology: From Biomarker Discovery to Clinical Implementation
type: item
description: Pharmacogenomics has emerged as a cornerstone of personalized oncology, enabling the optimization of drug selection and dosing based on individual genetic profiles. This review traces the journey from biomarker discovery to clinical implementation, covering technologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), liquid biopsy, and single-cell RNA sequencing. Challenges related to data interpretation, integration into clinical practice, and ethical considerations in genomic data handling are critically discussed. Case studies highlighting success stories in targeted therapies, such as EGFR inhibitors and PARP inhibitors, are included.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biomarkers
  topic: keywords
subject: Liquid Biopsy
  topic: keywords
subject: Next-Generation Sequencing
  topic: keywords
subject: Personalized Oncology
  topic: keywords
subject: Pharmacogenomics
  topic: keywords
subject: Precision Medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Targeted Therapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Ghadah Ali Al-Oudah Al-Oudah
creator: Sahar Kadhim Abbas
creator: Rasha Hadi Saleh
creator: Noor Thamer Mahmood
creator: Wallaa Luay Alfalluji
creator: Widad Hamza
creator: Ahmed M. N. Al-Ajrash
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ghadah Ali Al-Oudah, Sahar Kadhim Abbas , Rasha Hadi Saleh , Noor Thamer Mahmood , Wallaa Luay Alfalluji, Widad Hamza , Ahmed M. N. Al-Ajrash (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 79
ending page: 93
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2025.153196.1030

CRISPR-Cas9 in Functional Genomics: Implications for Target Validation in Precision Oncology
type: item
description: CRISPR-Cas9 has revolutionized functional genomics by enabling precise genome editing with unprecedented efficiency. This review focuses on the application of CRISPR-based platforms for target discovery and validation in precision oncology. Key topics include the design of genome-wide CRISPR screens, synthetic lethality identification, and CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and activation (CRISPRa) methodologies. We highlight current case studies where CRISPR has led to the identification of novel therapeutic targets, discuss technical limitations such as off-target effects, and explore ethical considerations in clinical translation.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cancer Therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: CRISPR-Cas9
  topic: keywords
subject: Functional Genomics
  topic: keywords
subject: Genome Editing
  topic: keywords
subject: Precision Oncology
  topic: keywords
subject: Synthetic Lethality
  topic: keywords
creator: Iman Fadhel Abdul-Hussin
creator: Mays Hassan Obais Alkhalidi
creator: Sharafaldin Al-Musawi
creator: Lubna Abd Muttalib Alshalah
creator: Mohsen Sheykhhasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iman Fadhel Abdul-Hussin, Mays Hassan Obais Alkhalidi, Sharafaldin Al-Musawi, Lubna Abd Muttalib Alshalah, Mohsen Sheykhhasan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 36
ending page: 48
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2025.153196.1026

Design and Preclinical Evaluation of a Multi-Epitope mRNA Vaccine Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
type: item
description: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections represent a critical healthcare challenge. In this study, we describe the design a multi-epitope mRNA vaccine encoding immunodominant MRSA antigens, delivered using a novel lipid nanoparticle system. Preclinical evaluation in murine models demonstrated robust humoral and cellular immune responses, with significant protection against MRSA challenge. The vaccine exhibited excellent safety and tolerability profiles. No bacterial colonies were detected in the brain, lung, and spleen tissues of the mice that were immunized with the mRNA vaccine at dosages of 75, 150, or 300 µg. No statistical difference in bacterial burden was found among the mRNA-dosed groups. Our findings support the further development of mRNA-based strategies for combating antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Antibiotic Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Bacterial Infections
  topic: keywords
subject: Immunogenicity
  topic: keywords
subject: Lipid Nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: mRSA
  topic: keywords
subject: mRNA Vaccine
  topic: keywords
creator: Noor Kbah
creator: Fatemah Shkir
creator: Saja Hashim
creator: Qassim A. Zigam
creator: Ahmed R. Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Noor Z. Kbah , Fatemah Hasan Shkir, Saja Hussein Hashim , Qassim A. Zigam, Ahmed R. Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 16
ending page: 35
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2025.153196.1025

History of Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Iraq: A Review
type: item
description: Worldwide, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is the most common tick-borne viral disease. The causes are Nairoviruses. from animals to humans are transmission of the virus by tick bites or by connection with the tissues and blood of infected animals directly through or after butchery immediately, and from person to person through interaction with the blood, excretions, or fluids of the body of an ill person. Farmers and pastoralists are the most vulnerable because of their bigger experience of ticks; keepers of livestock due to their connection with primates that act as hosts without symptoms of the illness; and employees of healthcare, regarding their increased danger of hospital-acquired contagions. Ribavirin has been used to treat Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever after WHO approval. Awareness campaigns on risk factors and control measures have helped to reduce the spread of the disease to a greater level. Conclusions: In Iraq and before 1979, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever was not documented. Later, several outbreaks happened, and the illness became endemic through recurring outbreaks. In 2023, the most significant outbreak in Iraq in recent times, as the lack of protective measures in addition to the management throughout the pandemic of Covid-19 have a major for the increase in illness, in addition to the occurrence of non-licensed butchers, particularly in Eid al-Adha, played an important role in this epidemic.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
  topic: keywords
subject: Prevention
  topic: keywords
subject: The Diagnosis
  topic: keywords
subject: The History
  topic: keywords
subject: The Treatment
  topic: keywords
creator: Ashwaq M. S. Al-Jbouri
creator: Nada Khazal
creator: Raoof J. A. Maaroof
creator: Ahmed Saleem Abbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ashwaq M. S. Al-Jbouri, Nada Khazal K. Hindi, Raoof J. A. Maaroof , Ahmed Saleem Abbas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 10
ending page: 15
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2025.153196.1024

Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Bacillus subtilis and Their Anti-Leishmanial Activity in Vivo
type: item
description: One of the most prevalent parasite infections in the Middle East is cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). It is the first time in this work that in vitro anti-leishmanial effects of B. subtilis/AgNPs were examined on L. tropica promastigote, and their efficacies were compared with pentostam. These nanoparticles are described to confirm using the techniques: UV–-visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), where showed an absorption peak at 428 nm, and A scanning electron microscope, where the results showed that the sizes ranged between 41.5 - 68 nm at an average of 44.2 ± 1.13 nm, XRD was confirmed the presence of cubic crystal system has been identified to be due to silver metalfor. As for the FTIR analysis, several absorption peaks appeared, but a strong band shown at 3484.27 cm-1 can be assigned to the primary amine N-H stretching that is present in the bacterial supernatant. Five NP concentrations were used, and each concentration of AgNPs displayed remarkable anti-leishmanial activity against L. tropica promastigotes in vitro. However, a concentration of (200 µg/ml) displayed a superior inhibitory impact on the growth of parasites compared to the rest of the other concentrations, where the rate of inhibition was the percentage 59.47 ± 2.7 after 24 hours. At 48 h and 72 h, the average percentage of parasite inhibition was 67.72±1.95 and 72.79 ± 0.45, respectively. The outcomes were remarkably similar to the reference medicine (pentostam). As for the lowest inhibition among the rest of the concentrations, it was the concentration (800 µg/ml), where the average percentage of inhibition reached 59.47 ± 2.7, 67.72 ± 1.95, and 72.79 ± 0.45 after 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Anti-Leishmanial Activities
  topic: keywords
subject: Biological Synthesis
  topic: keywords
subject: B. Subtilis
  topic: keywords
subject: Silver Nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
creator: Rana Al-Difaie
creator: Ghaidaa Al-Jubouri
creator: Rasha Sahib
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Rana Saleh , Ghaidaa Abass Jasim Al-Jubouri, Rasha Saleh Sahib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-06-22
publication date: 2025-06-22
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2025.153196.1023

Role of CRISPR-Cas Systems in the Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease and Precision Periodontal Therapy
type: item
description: The emergence of CRISPR-Cas systems has revolutionized biomedical research, offering new possibilities for addressing complex diseases such as periodontal disease. This multifactorial condition arises from a combination of microbial dysbiosis and dysregulated host immune responses, resulting in chronic inflammation that can progress to tooth loss if left untreated. CRISPR technology can tackle these root causes by precisely targeting pathogenic microbes and modulating host immune pathways. The incorporation of CRISPR-Cas systems into precision periodontal therapy not only opens the door to highly personalized treatment strategies but also triggers important discussions about the ethical considerations and technical challenges of gene editing. This review study assessed the effect of CRISPR-Cas systems in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, evaluate their therapeutic potential, and evaluate their implications for future clinical applications.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: CRISPR-Cas
  topic: keywords
subject: periodontal disease
  topic: keywords
subject: microbial dysbiosis
  topic: keywords
subject: precision therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: gene editing
  topic: keywords
creator: Magdi A. Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Magdi A. Ali (Author)
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 38
ending page: 49
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2024.153196.1022

Curcumin and Neuroprotection: A Promising Herbal Strategy for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease
type: item
description: Curcumin, a bioactive compound extracted from Curcuma longa, exhibits neuroprotective effects, especially in relation to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. This research aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of curcumin in an animal model of neurodegeneration induced by oxidative stress and inflammation. In this study, 40 Swiss albino mice were included and divided into four groups: a control group, a disease model group, and two treatment groups receiving curcumin at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg for 21 days. Behavioral assessments, including the Morris water maze and rotarod tests, were conducted to evaluate cognitive and motor functions. Biochemical analyses were performed to measure oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, and GSH) and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in brain tissues. The results demonstrated that curcumin significantly improved cognitive and motor performance in treated mice compared to the disease model group (p < 0.01). Curcumin administration reduced oxidative stress by 35% and lowered inflammatory cytokine levels by 40% in the brain. Histopathological analysis revealed a 30% reduction in neuronal damage in the curcumin-treated groups. These results suggest that curcumin exerts neuroprotective effects by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation, two key pathological mechanisms underlying Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. This animal study showed the positive effect of curcumin, a natural therapeutic compound, on neurodegenerative disorders.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Curcumin
  topic: keywords
subject: Neuroprotection
  topic: keywords
subject: Alzheimer’s Disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Parkinson’s Disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Oxidative Stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Inflammation
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibrahim G. Abdelrhman
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Ibrahim G. Abdelrhman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2024.153196.1021

mRNA Vaccines Beyond COVID-19: Emerging Therapeutic Frontiers
type: item
description: The rapid development and deployment of mRNA vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic represented a pivotal moment in medical science, emphasizing the technology's potential far beyond its initial applications. As researchers explore the versatility of mRNA platforms further, the possibility of expanding their use to tackle a wide range of health challenges is becoming increasingly feasible. This study aims to encompassing diverse areas such as infectious diseases, personalized medicine, oncology, and chronic infections like HIV and tuberculosis. The inherent adaptability of mRNA technology, characterized by its ability to be quickly customized in response to emerging pathogens, establishes it as a critical tool for frontline pandemic defense and a powerful approach to personalized cancer immunotherapy. Consequently, the ongoing advancement of mRNA vaccine development holds immense promise for revolutionizing therapeutic strategies across various medical fields.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: mRNA vaccine technology
  topic: keywords
subject: emerging infectious diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: pandemic preparedness
  topic: keywords
subject: chronic infections
  topic: keywords
subject: global health resilience
  topic: keywords
creator: Walid Mohammad
creator: Ahmad Al Sayeh
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Walid Theib Mohammad Yousif, Ahmad Maher Ibrahim Al Sayeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 30
ending page: 37
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2024.153196.1020

Monoclonal Antibodies in Modern Medicine: Their Therapeutic Potential and Future Directions
type: item
description: The initiation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has catalyzed a paradigm shift in treatment strategies for a wide range of diseases. Initially conceived in the 1970s, their development marked a significant milestone in biomedical research, merging principles of immunology with advanced engineering techniques. Monoclonal antibodies, characterized by their specificity for unique antigens, have revolutionized cancer treatment, enabling personalized medicine that tailors therapies to individual patient profiles. Moreover, their effect in managing autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory conditions showed their versatility as therapeutic agents. Despite their significant impact, the drive of mAbs is not without problems, including high manufacturing costs and immunogenicity concerns. This study aims to assess the intricate mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications, and future trajectories of monoclonal antibodies, emphasizing their indispensable effect in modern medicine and paving the approach for innovative healthcare solutions.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Monoclonal antibodies
  topic: keywords
subject: therapeutic interventions
  topic: keywords
subject: personalized medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: immunogenicity
  topic: keywords
subject: biomedical innovation
  topic: keywords
creator: Samuel Ebele Udeabor
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Samuel Ebele Udeabor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 12
ending page: 20
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2024.153196.1019

Development of Curcumin-Loaded Alginate Beads for Targeted Gastric Mucosa Delivery in Helicobacter Pylori-Associated Gastritis
type: item
description: Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis is a significant global health challenge, emphasizing the need for innovative treatment approaches. This study developed curcumin-loaded alginate beads as a targeted delivery system for the gastric mucosa. Curcumin, a bioactive compound derived from Curcuma longa, has demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, particularly against H. pylori. Alginate beads were formulated using the ionotropic gelation method, with optimization of bead composition to ensure prolonged gastric residence time. A total of 120 alginate bead preparations were assessed for their physical characteristics, including mean diameter, drug loading (DL), and encapsulation efficiency (EE). The mean diameter, DL, and EE were 1.25 ± 0.05 mm, 82.65%, and 91.43%, respectively. The beads exhibited excellent floating properties, maintaining buoyancy for over eight hours in simulated gastric fluid. As a conclusion, curcumin-loaded alginate beads can enhance therapeutic efficacy against H. pylori-associated gastritis by enabling targeted and prolonged drug delivery at the infection site.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Curcumin
  topic: keywords
subject: Helicobacter pylori
  topic: keywords
subject: Gastritis
  topic: keywords
subject: Alginate beads
  topic: keywords
subject: Targeted delivery
  topic: keywords
creator: Adil Abdelrahim Mohammed Yousif
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Adil Abdelrahim Mohammed Yousif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 7
ending page: 11
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2024.153196.1018

Biotechnology of the Diagnosis Urinary Tract Infections: Review
type: item
description: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a prevalent disease globally, affecting people of various genders and ages, with cases ranging from acute to chronic. Consequently, assessing techniques for diagnosing these infections is essential. In this review study, eight different diagnostic techniques for urinary tract infections with their advantages and disadvantages were assessed. Overall, this study showed that nanotechnology, biosensing, and endoscope technology, despite their limitations, are more efficient and accurate in diagnosis compared to other techniques.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Urinary Tract Infection
  topic: keywords
subject: Microbiology
  topic: keywords
subject: Diagnosing
  topic: keywords
subject: Infection
  topic: keywords
creator: Yousif Alhamadani
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Yousif Alhamadani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 21
ending page: 29
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2024.153196.1017

Biomedical Applications of Alginate Oligosaccharides: Exploring Their Therapeutic Potential and Modification Techniques
type: item
description: Thorough research has been conducted on marine algae, with a specific emphasis on their potential health advantages. Scientists have discovered and separated many constituents from marine algae that have the potential to be used in medicine. One example is alginate oligosaccharides, which are small polysaccharides with low molecular weight that are present in the cell walls of brown algae. These chemicals have many health benefits, such as reducing inflammation, fighting against microorganisms, preventing oxidative damage, inhibiting tumour growth, and modulating the immune system. Due to their little toxicity, lack of immunogenicity, and capacity to degrade naturally, they are very well-suited for use in biomedical applications. Alginate oligosaccharides have the ability to undergo chemical or biochemical changes in order to enhance their biological activity and potential for use in medicinal applications. This study provides a succinct summary of the attributes of alginate oligosaccharides, the techniques used to modify them, and highlights their significant health-enhancing benefits.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Alginate oligosaccharides
  topic: keywords
subject: Marine algae
  topic: keywords
subject: Biomedicine
  topic: keywords
creator: Mokhles Mohammed
creator: Haider Jabber
creator: Fatima Abdul Jabbar
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Mokhles Mohammed, Haider Nasser Jabber, Fatima Mohammed Abdul Jabbar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 22
ending page: 34
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2024.152722.1011

Invastigate The Serum Level of Interleukin-4 In Patients with Chronic Rhinosinositis with Nasal Polyps and Healthy Individuals
type: item
description: Objective: Interleukin-4 plays several biological roles, including stimulating the proliferation of activated B and T cells and differentiating B cells into plasma cells. This study aimed to determine whether the etiology of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs) is associated with serum levels of interleukin-4. Patients and Methods: a blood samples from 35 Iraqi patients—21 men and 14 women—who had nasal polyps as well as a control group of 35 healthy volunteers were collected. The serum was then separated in a plain tube, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method was used to determine the optical density of Interleukin-4 in the serum (ELISA) Results: Serum levels of interleukin-4 were significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between serum interleukin-4 levels and age or gender in either group. Conclusions: Individuals who have NPs had elevated degrees of IL-4
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Serum
  topic: keywords
subject: ELISA
  topic: keywords
subject: Interleukin-4
  topic: keywords
subject: Nasal Polyps
  topic: keywords
creator: Hiba Zidan
creator: Rusul Kamel
creator: Zainab Abo-tbeak
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Hiba Hamed Zidan, Rusul Hamza Kamel , Zainab Jawad Abo-tbeak (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 17
ending page: 21
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2024.152706.1010

Nanocellulose in Drug Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: Research in medicinal chemistry lays a substantial emphasis on the development of efficient drug delivery techniques that make use of nanomaterials that are both biocompatible and inert. In comparison to the numerous primary materials that are now accessible, nanocrystalline cellulose stands out due to its biocompatibility and inert qualities. The surface of the object may also be modified using a wide range of various manufacturing processes. During the course of our investigation, we have gathered data on a number of different types of nanocellulose as well as the applications of nanocellulose that are associated with drug delivery systems. Throughout the course of this investigation, the key subjects of discussion include the methods of manufacturing nanocellulose as well as its applications in oral, transdermal, and localised drug delivery systems. Furthermore, it analyses the possibilities and restrictions that are given by nanocellulose that has been surface-modified.Because of their low cost, the fact that they may be reused, and the fact that they are biodegradable, natural polymers have been the subject of recent years’ worth of substantial developments in the exploration of diverse uses.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nanocellulose
  topic: keywords
subject: Transdermal drug delivery systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Localized drug delivery systems
  topic: keywords
creator: Sarah Tahseen
creator: Hiba Zidan
creator: Abdul Jabbar Manar
creator: Ahmed Al-hassan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Sarah Tahseen, Hiba Hamed Zidan, Manar Mohammed Abdul Jabbar, Ahmed Al-hassan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 16
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2024.153196.1012

Biochemical Application of New Synthetic Compounds of Pyridine Derivatives Incorporating on Tetrazole Moieties
type: item
description: Introduction: Pyridine has a liquid state, bad odor, pungent taste, toxic effects, and has the ability to mix with alcohol, water and some sperms, and it has many effects in the event of severe exposure such as suffocation. Methods: In this work, a new series of tetrazole derivatives is synthesized by reacting sodium azide with Schiff bases derivatives, which are prepared by condensation reaction between some pyridine derivatives (2-amino- 5-chloropyridine, 2-amino-4-methyl pyridine) and some aromatic aldehydes (dimethyl aminobenzaldehyde, p-aminobenzaldehyde, p-chlorobenzaldehyde, p-bromobenzaldehyde, and salicylic aldehyde). Result: All the resulting compounds were characterized by FT-IR and milting points. The study of the biological activity of Schiff base derivatives and tetrazole derivatives against E. coli shows that all derivatives give positive results at different diameters, but the compounds (2,6,10) give a lower inhibition at concentrations of 100 mg/ml, as well as the compounds (2,3,5,7,9) give a lower inhibition at concentrations of 75 mg/ml. The compounds (6,8,10) give lower inhibition at concentration (100 mg/ml) against S. aureus, as well as the compounds (1,3,6,8,10) give lower inhibition at concentration (75 mg/ml). Conclusion: It was shown during the process of preparing the compounds that the difference in the groups substituted for the same compound leads to a difference in the percentages, reaction time, and biological activity of the resulting compounds.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Heterocyclic compound
  topic: keywords
subject: Schiff bases
  topic: keywords
subject: Pyridine
  topic: keywords
subject: Anti-bacterial
  topic: keywords
creator: Noor Alsaady
creator: Anfal Alsaady
creator: Hawraa Salman
creator: Zainab Alreda
creator: Zahraa Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Noor Abdulhassan Alsaady, Anfal Abdulhassan Alsaady, Hawraa Abdul Kazem Salman, Zainab A. Abid Alreda, Zahraa Ali Mohammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2023-12-30
publication date: 2023-12-30
starting page: 17
ending page: 23
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2023.146842.1007

Antimicrobial Effects of Three-Types of Metronidazole Drug on Salmonella Enterica and Vibrio Fluvialis Isolated from Thi-Qar Province
type: item
description: The study examined the effect of Metronidazole on Salmonella enterica and vibrio fluvialis isolates, the test was carried out by using a Metronidazole from three companies (French company, Iraqi and Egyptian), the two isolates were taken from diarrheal patients, some were resistant, others were sensitive and some areas of inhibition were shown using treatment from the three companies, the effectiveness of the treatment of the French company. This study has examined the effect of three different type of Metronidazole from three companies (France, Egypt and Iraqi) on some Enterobacteriaceae. The results indicated the dominance of Metronidazole under France companies on other companies, as it effects on Salmonella enterica and Vibrio fluvialis at two concentrations, and it had an inhibitory effect onVibrio fluvialis at concentrations (5 mg/ml), while Metronidazole under Egypt company had only a inhibitory effect on vibrio fluvialis at two concentrations (10 and 15 mg/ml) and Metronidazole under Iraqi company were effective on vibrio fluvialis at two concentrations also (10 and 15 mg/ml) .These results indicate that Metronidazole under France company is the best antibiotic to be used in case of diarrhea that caused by Vibrio fluvialis and Salmonella enterica.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Salmonella enterica
  topic: keywords
subject: Vibrio fluvialis
  topic: keywords
subject: Metronidazole
  topic: keywords
creator: Zaman Hanan
creator: Ezat Mezal
creator: Shatha Moussa
creator: Adnan Azeez
creator: Hayder Okab
creator: Abdullah Yousif
creator: Aliaa Hanan
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Zaman K. Hanan, Ezat H. Mezal, Shatha B. Moussa, Adnan Abed Azeez, Hayder Fadhil Okab, Abdullah F. Yousif, Aliaa Kareem Hanan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2023-12-30
publication date: 2023-12-30
starting page: 11
ending page: 16
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2023.146833.1006

The Effect of FSH and Letrozole Treatment on The Lipid Profile in Women Being Treated for Fertility
type: item
description: Background: Letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, affects the ovaries, breasts, adipose tissue, and bone by preventing androgen-to-estrogen conversion. This drastically reduces estrogen’s effects. Estrogens regulate fat metabolism by influencing lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. FSH stimulation, which induces ovulation in non-pregnant women, may help pituitary dysfunction. Regulated ovarian hyperstimulation stimulation increases follicles during in vitro fertilization. Background: Letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, affects the ovaries, breasts, adipose tissue, and bone by preventing androgen-to-estrogen conversion. This drastically reduces estrogen’s effects. Estrogens regulate fat metabolism by influencing lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. FSH stimulation, which induces ovulation in non-pregnant women, may help pituitary dysfunction. Regulated ovarian hyperstimulation stimulation increases follicles during in vitro fertilization. The aim: To assess the difference in the level of fat (total cholesterol, triglycerides levels, HDL, LDL, and VLDL) of infertility treatment among the three study groups, the group that received HSF, the group that took Letrozole, and the control group. Methods: From October 2022 to May 2023, research was carried out. It featured 120 women who were split into three groups: those who took Letrozole consistently for a month or more in a row, those who received FSH injections continuously for a month or more in a row, and the control group who did not take any medications to promote ovulation. Results: The results show increased levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and VLDL cholesterol in LET compared with other groups FSH and control. Our study showed a significant difference (p-value < 0.0001) in the concentrations of TG compared to all studied groups, when the results show decreased levels of HDL cholesterol in LET compared with other groups FSH and control, a significant difference is showed (p-value <0.0001) in the c…
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ovulation
  topic: keywords
subject: FSH
  topic: keywords
subject: Letrzole
  topic: keywords
subject: Cholesterol
  topic: keywords
subject: Triglycerides
  topic: keywords
subject: HDL
  topic: keywords
subject: LDL
  topic: keywords
subject: VLDL
  topic: keywords
creator: Rana Humaidan
creator: Buthainah Farhan
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Rana K. Humaidan, Buthainah A. Farhan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2023-12-30
publication date: 2023-12-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2023.146374.1005

Biomimetic Cell Membrane Vehicles: Navigating the BloodBrain Barrier for Enhanced CNS Drug Delivery
type: item
description: Disorders of the CNS, such as brain tumors, ischemic strokes, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease, pose a significant risk to human well-being. The presence of the BBB further complicates the transportation of medications and the development of targeted drug delivery methods. In recent decades, considerable attention has been directed towards biomimetic vehicles derived from cell membranes, driven by the emergence of targeted drug delivery systems and biomimetic nanotechnology. Cell membranes are recognized as inherent multifunctional biomaterials, holding promise for the design and adaptation of targeted delivery strategies. The current conjunction of cell membranes and nanoparticles gives rise to biomimetic vehicles, offering fresh insights into BBB recognition, transportation, and efficient therapy. These vehicles leverage the diverse biological functions and strong biocompatibility of cell membranes, presenting a promising avenue for enhanced treatments. This article offers a summary of the current obstacles in achieving targeted delivery within the CNS and highlights recent progress made in utilizing various types of biomimetic vehicles derived from cell membranes for efficient CNS targeting. The discussion includes an exploration of the mechanisms involved in BBB targeting, in addition to an examination of the challenges and potential for clinical application. Ultimately, novel perspectives for advancement and development are also presented.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cell-based target drug delivery system
  topic: keywords
subject: Central nervous system diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Biomimetic vehicles
  topic: keywords
creator: Anmar Alalwani
creator: Seema Ahad
creator: Hameed Dhaher
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Anmar Kamil Alalwani, Seema Ahad, Hameed Sajet Dhaher (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2023-06-30
publication date: 2023-06-30
starting page: 48
ending page: 63
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2023.144292.1004

Nanocarriers and Beyond: Innovations in Overcoming Barriers for Effective CNS Drug Delivery
type: item
description: Although numerous medications have the potential to treat central nervous system (CNS) disorders, only a small number of these drugs have actually been used successfully. It is as a result of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSF) preventing them from exerting biological activity by allowing them to cross the brain. The current methods for enhancing penetration across these barriers for efficient CNS medication delivery are reviewed in this article. Direct systemic delivery, invasive delivery, BBB disruption, and convection enhanced delivery are a summary of these problems. Additionally, cutting-edge nanoscale drug delivery methods such polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, nanoemulsions, dendrimers, and micelles are explored. These nanocarriers might lead to a development in the treatment of numerous CNS illnesses. To evaluate the biocompatibility and safety of these medical devices, however, further extensive research is required.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nanotechnology
  topic: keywords
subject: Drug delivery system
  topic: keywords
subject: Central nervous system
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahad Al-Hamadiny
creator: Rasha Salman
creator: Ali Al-Rawe
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Shahad Q. Al-Hamadiny , Rasha Ibrahim Salman, Ali Mohammed Al-Rawe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2023-06-30
publication date: 2023-06-30
starting page: 34
ending page: 47
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2023.144275.1003

Extracellular Vesicles as Promising Vectors for CRISPR/Cas9 Delivery: Advantages, Challenges, and Clinical Implications
type: item
description: The CRISPR/Cas system, with its capacity to modify DNA sequences and thus change cellular and organ traits, holds promise for gene study and therapeutic interventions. However, the absence of reliable and efficient delivery mechanisms curtails its clinical usage. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) present an appealing avenue for transporting CRISPR/Cas9. They offer multiple benefits over other delivery vehicles, especially in safety, protection, carrying capacity, tissue penetration, targeting precision, and adaptability. As a result, there’s a growing trend in employing EVs for in vivo delivery of CRISPR/Cas9. This article provides an overview of the strengths and weaknesses associated with various CRISPR/Cas9 delivery mechanisms and vehicles. It underscores the unique attributes of EVs as carriers, delving into their inherent features, physiological and pathological roles, safety profile, and targeting proficiency. The piece also delves into the origins of EVs, methods for their isolation, and techniques for packing CRISPR/Cas9 within them. In its conclusion, the article charts a path forward, emphasizing the pivotal areas of focus for optimizing EVs as carriers in CRISPR/Cas9’s clinical utilization, namely the safety, storage potential, uniformity, production rate, and precise targeting of EVs.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: CRISPR/Cas9
  topic: keywords
subject: Extracellular vesicles
  topic: keywords
subject: Delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: Biomedical applications
  topic: keywords
creator: Nameera siraj
creator: Saja Dilfy
creator: Rafat Abduljaleel
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Nameera siraj, Saja Hussain Dilfy, Rafat Hamdi Abduljaleel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2023-06-30
publication date: 2023-06-30
starting page: 19
ending page: 33
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2023.144271.1002

Optimizing Chrysin’s Anticancer Efficacy on MDA-MB-231 Cells: Synthesis and Characterization of Chrysin-Loaded Gold/Chitosan Nanoparticles
type: item
description: This study showcases the creation of nanostructures that carry Chrysin (Chr), using gold (AuNPs) nanoparticles encased in chitosan. The Au particles were derived by reducing AuCl4- with tripolyphosphate (TPP) and CS. These gold/chitosan nanoparticles (Au/CS NPs) were analyzed using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Their size was identified as approximately 45.23± 4.32 nm through DLS, and the crystal makeup of gold was verified by XRD. FE-SEM imaging confirmed these NPs to be round, with an average size around 42 nm. Measurements showed that the drug capacity for Chr was about 20 ± 3.70% and its encapsulation efficiency stood at roughly 88.7 ± 4.50%. The nanocarrier’s drug release behavior was observed in both acidic and neutral conditions (with pH levels of 5.4 and 7.4), and it was notably responsive to the acidic environment. Moreover, MTT test showed the Chr-infused NPs were more toxic to the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells than Chr alone. Based on this data, further exploration of these Au/CS NPs is recommended to enhance the therapeutic potential of Chr.
subject: Original Articles
  topic: section
subject: Drug delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: Chrysin
  topic: keywords
subject: Gold nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: Chitosan
  topic: keywords
subject: Cytotoxicity
  topic: keywords
creator: Saja Dilfy
creator: Nawras Mubark
creator: Abiya Ahad
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Saja Hussain Dilfy, Nawras Najah Mubark, Abiya Ahad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2023-06-30
publication date: 2023-06-30
starting page: 12
ending page: 18
doi: 10.57238/tpb.2023.144270.1001